Man vs bacteria

[00:00.39] If you live in England and have a mild infection, don't ask your GP to recommend antibiotics. 如果您居住在英格兰并且感染轻微，请不要让您的全科医生推荐抗生素。

[00:07.16] He'll probably say 'no' and give you something else. 他可能会说“不”，然后给你一些别的东西。

[00:10.67] This is part of an initiative to put a stop to harmful infections becoming resistant to these drugs.这是阻止有害感染对这些药物产生抗药性的倡议的一部分。

[00:18.18] Recent figures from the NHS have shown that the number of prescriptions for all types of antibiotics were down by 7.3% on the previous year to about 34 million in 2015 and 2016, which is considered a success by the authorities.NHS 的最新数据显示，2015 年和 2016 年，各类抗生素的处方数量比上一年下降了 7.3%，至约 3400 万张，当局认为这是成功的。

[00:35.25] Peter Taylor, Professor of Microbiology, UCL School of Pharmacy, says that antibiotics are probably "the safest and most effective drugs ever produced, UCL 药学院微生物学教授 Peter Taylor 说，抗生素可能是“有史以来最安全、最有效的药物，

[00:46.04] but they have an Achilles heel - every time we use an antibiotic it alters the levels of bacteria out there in the environment and engenders resistance in a way that is very similar to Darwinian natural selection".但它们有一个致命弱点——每次我们使用抗生素时，它都会改变环境中细菌的水平，并以与达尔文自然选择非常相似的方式产生抗药性”。

[01:00.33] The power of these substances was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 almost by chance. 这些物质的力量几乎是由亚历山大弗莱明在 1928 年偶然发现的。

[01:06.60] The Scottish bacteriologist returned to his laboratory after a holiday to find a bacteria-free circle around a growth of mould on a Petri dish. 这位苏格兰细菌学家在假期结束后回到他的实验室，在培养皿上的霉菌生长周围发现了一个无菌圈。

[01:16.13] It gave us our first antibiotic: penicillin.它给了我们第一个抗生素：青霉素。

[01:20.39] The availability of these drugs revolutionised the treatment of infections. 这些药物的出现彻底改变了感染的治疗。

[01:24.65] In the past STIs spread by bacteria were often incurable and deadly. 在过去，由细菌传播的性传播感染通常是无法治愈且致命的。

[01:30.68] Today all it takes to treat them is a trip to the clinic and a course of antibiotics. 今天，治疗它们所需要的只是去诊所和抗生素疗程。

[01:35.69] Childbirth was very dangerous and routinely ended in death for both mother and baby. 分娩是非常危险的，并且经常以母亲和婴儿的死亡告终。

[01:41.21] Now the risk of a woman dying in England and Wales during labour is between 40 and 50 times lower than 60 years ago.现在，英格兰和威尔士妇女在分娩期间死亡的风险比 60 年前低 40 到 50 倍。

[01:49.73] Bacteria will continue to evolve to seek survival and we have to up our game. 细菌将继续进化以求生存，我们必须提高自己的水平。

[01:55.51] There hasn't been a new class of antibiotics since the 1980s and pharmaceutical companies are looking into a wide-range of alternatives – from compound from insects to nanotechnology - to develop new weapons in the continuous war against superbugs.自 1980 年代以来一直没有新的抗生素类别，制药公司正在寻找范围广泛的替代品——从昆虫的化合物到纳米技术——来开发新的武器，以对抗超级细菌的持续战争。